Factors which predispose elderly patients to develop peptic ulcer disease.

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is am important cause of mortality and morbidity in the elderly. Despite a continuing diminution in the overall number of patients with PUD admitted to hospital, the proportion of patients over the age of 65 has steadily increased.1 Several studies have shown that the incidence of gastric ulcer is higher,2 its healing is slower' and the risk of relapse is greater in the elderly.4 The incidence of gastritis without ulceration also arises dramatically with increasing age,5 with some suggesting that up to 70% of patients over the age of 65 have evidence of gastritis.


INTRODUCTION
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is am important cause of mortality and morbidity in the elderly. Despite a continuing diminution in the overall number of patients with PUD admitted to hospital, the proportion of patients over the age of 65 has steadily increased.1 Several studies have shown that the incidence of gastric ulcer is higher,2 its healing is slower' and the risk of relapse is greater in the elderly.4 The incidence of gastritis without ulceration also arises dramatically with increasing age,5 with some suggesting that up to 70% of patients over the age of 65 have evidence of gastritis. Most studies have concentrated on the role of the agrressive factors, particularly hydrochloric acid. This emphasis has tended to obscure the fact that acid alone has never been shown to induce an ulcer7 and none of the measures used to control acid production can be said to cure ulcer disease permanently. Many studies have shown that basal and stimulated acid production diminish in the elderly" with a parallel increase in prevalence of achlorhydria and chronic gastritis with age in a parallel fashion. ' The pattern of change in pepsin secretion with age is less well defined. Using serum pepsinogen I as a marker ol perpsin secretion, Samloff et al found that 40% of individuals over age 70 years had levels less than 50 jig/1, compared with only 5% of those under age 40."' There have been few studies of the amount of pepsin secreted in gastric juice. We have assessed the effect of ageing on the gastric aspirate acidity and peptic activity by comparing these biochemical parameters in the elderly and the young. The gastric aspirate acidity and peptic activity of elderly patients with gastritis and gastric ulcer was significantly lower than that of the young age group." Gastric bile reflux from the duodenum is common alter gastric surgery. It causes a distinctive histological picture ol reactive gastritis.12 This can also occur in patients with a gastric ulcer who have not had surgery." The frequency of spontaneous bile reflux in the elderly is not known.

EXONGENOUS aggressive factors
Three exogenous factors emerges as those most clearly associated with ulcers and their complications; Helicobacter Pylori (HP) infection, the use of non steroidal antimflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and cigarette smoking. HP has been established as the most common and important cause ol antral gastritis.14 HP associated gastritis is present in 70-100% ?f patients with duodenal ulceration and 56-95% of those with gastric ulcers. Several reports have confirmed the link between IIP infection and the recurrence ol PUD and have shown that eradication of the infection may cure the disease.
If infection increases with age. In one study its prevalence Uas found to approach 75% in patients over 65 years ol age.
O'Riordan and his colleagues found that HP infection has was associated with the majority of instances of symptomatic gastritis in the elderly. 18 Treatment with non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) is associated with an increased risk of PUD and its complications'" and elderly patients are particularly vulnerable.2" Several analyses have indicated a strong association between NSAIDS consumption and clinically serious PUD in elderly female patients.The best overall approach to prevent NSA1D mediated PUD is to reduce the frequency of NSAIDS use and exercise caution before prescribing these drugs in the elderly. Preventive management is hindered by the inability to define a particular high risk group and by difficulty in finding an acceptable and effective prophylactic treatment.
Smoking is associated with a high incidence of duodenal ulcers, to delay in healing and to increase in the relapse rate when drug therapy is stopped.2. There are conflicting reports in the literature regarding smoking as a risk of gastric ulcer and its healing.23

DEFENSIVE MECHANISMS
Mucosal resistance includes the mucus gel layer, a healthy functional epithelium and a good supply24 and gastric mucus plays a key role. 24 Quantitative assessment of gastric mucus is difficult. One of the common methods is to analyse the quantity and spectrum of sugars from mucus glycoproteins in the gastric juice. Sialic acid is known to be an essential constituent of gastric mucus glycoprotein.2' Recent studies showed that, with increasing age, gastric aspirate sialic acid levels fall significantly, indicating impaired mucus production."-2" CONCLUSIONS With increasing age, endogenous aggressive factors (gastric acidity and peptic activity) fall significantly, particularly in patients with gastritis and gastric ulcers, while defensive factors are significantly impaired. These changes would have important implications regarding peptic ulcer treatment in the elderly. HP infection is a very important pathogenic factor in PUD and, it is logical to consider eradication therapy for elderly patients with peptic ulcers associated with HP infection. NSAIDS induced gastric ulcers are common in patients with HP negative gastritis. Indentifying the subgroups of patients who are at high risk of developing NSAIDS gastropathy, will greatly help in detecting those who may benefit from prophylactic treatment.